These countries are listed on the world health organizations international travel and health website as requiring proof of vaccination for yellow fever for all travelers entering the country, including from the u. The virus responsible for yellow fever was later isolated in the late 1920s, and this breakthrough discovery later allowed max theiler to develop the first vaccine against yellow fever in the 1930s. Where is the yellow fever belt of africa and south america. A yellow fever certificate is valid 10 days after vaccination. To find out if yellow fever is a risk where youre travelling to or if the country youre visiting requires a vaccination certificate, see.
The following is a list of countries and territories which had yellow fever vaccination requirements as of 2017 according to the cdc. Areas with risk of yellow fever virus transmission in africa. Many countries still require visitors to be vaccinated for it before entering. The revised global yellow fever risk map and recommendations for vaccination, 2010. Maps are available for a number of countries to illustrate where vaccine is recommended read more. The mosquitoes that transmit yellow fever are usually active during the day. Jan 31, 2019 yellow fever distribution and areas of risk in brazil. Countries with risk of yellow fever transmission yellow fever zone.
Everything you need to know about yellow fever in africa. The skin and eyes may appear yellow, a condition known as jaundice, giving rise to the diseases popular name. The disease is nationally or regionally endemic in 34 african countries, including popular tourist destinations like ethiopia, ghana, kenya, senegal, and uganda. The easiest way to prevent yellow fever is to avoid traveling to a yellow fever country. Bolivia reported epizootic and brazil and peru reported human cases. Yellow fever centers for disease control and prevention. Maps of yellow fever endemic areas in africa and south america. Summary of world health organization who annex 1 countries with risk of. The following is a list of countries which had yellow fever vaccination requirements as at mid2006. Bolivia, brazil, colombia, ecuador, peru, and venezuela are considered at greatest risk. Yellow fever, acute infectious disease characterized by fever, headache, backache, nausea, and vomiting.
Paho who yellow fever epidemiological alerts and updates. Jan 16, 2018 yellow fever cases in brazil, 16 january 2018 en png449. Maps are available for a number of countries to illustrate where. Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. In 2015, three countries in the americas confirmed circulation of yellow fever virus. It principally affects humans and monkeys, and is transmitted via the bite of aedes mosquitoes. Every year, about 9 million people from asia, europe, and north america travel to countries where yellow fever is endemic. Countries are not required to submit malaria surveillance data to cdc. A list of countries where yellow fever transmission occurs pdf format is available from the world health organization who. Countries requiring proof of yellow fever vaccination from u. Yellow fever begins suddenly after an incubation period of three to five days.
Countries with risk of yellow fever transmission as per who annex 1. This map is an updated version of the 2010 map created by the informal who working group on the geographic risk of yellow fever. It can produce devastating outbreaks, which can be prevented and controlled by mass. The americas click here for 2018 updated brazil map. In 20, yellow fever resulted in about 127,000 severe infections and 45,000 deaths, with nearly 90 percent of these occurring in african nations. In 2016, as of epidemiological week ew 34, three countries had reported jungle yellow fever. Some of these countries demand a yellow fever certificate from travellers as a condition of entry to their country. Lindsey np, rabe ib, miller er, fischer m, staples je. Airlines and the media have reported confusion over which travelers need yellow fever vaccination. Australias list of yellow fever declared countries includes. The yellow fever virus can be transmitted by mosquitoes which feed on infected animals in forests, then pass the infection when the same mosquitoes feed on humans travelling through the forest. South africa has a risk of introduction of the disease as the mosquito vector exists in the country.
Skip directly to site content skip directly to page options skip directly to az link skip directly to az link skip directly to az link. The yellow in the name refers to the jaundice that affects some patients. The vaccine is recommended for travel outside urban areas especially in yellow fever endemic zones. These are areas where the virus is present in monkeys and is a potential risk to humans as defined by the world health organisation. Department of health yellow fever general fact sheet. However, vaccination might be considered for a small subset of travelers to. Learn more about its transmission, treatment, and history. Adverse event reports following yellow fever vaccination, 2007. Recommendations consult a health care provider or visit a travel health clinic, as early as possible preferably six weeks or more before you travel. Selection of maps illustrating the spread of yellow fever, endemic areas, vaccination recommendations, timelines, etc. Countries requiring proof of vaccination upon arrival from all other countries as opposed to only upon arrival from endemic countries for. The following maps are taken from whos international travel and health publication.
Apr 25, 2017 the yellow fever belt of africa and south america includes a number of countries in these continents where there is a realistic chance of contracting yellow fever. Some countries have mandatory yellow fever vaccination requirements. Mosquito bite avoidance and yellow fever vaccination is recommended for travellers visiting countries where there is a risk of yf virus transmission. They should have a dated and signed letter on letterhead stationery from an accredited yellow fever vaccination centre. All the details regarding the exceptions to this requirement including points a, b, and c mentioned above will be included in the timatic. Infection with the yellow fever virus causes varying degrees of disease, from mild symptoms to. Only authorized travel clinics can give yellow fever vaccinations. The following maps show the approximate areas which have a risk of yellow fever transmission. The exact requirements vary from country to country and may also vary from time to time. With few exceptions, vaccination is recommended for all travellers to countries or areas where there is a risk of yellow fever transmission.
Many countries that do not require yellow fever vaccination for entry, do require proof of the yellow fever vaccine if coming from an infected region. Proof of vaccination for travel may be required if you are travelling to or from one of these countries, with many other countries also requiring vaccination for entry. The severe form of the disease commences with fever, chills, bleeding into the skin, rapid heartbeat, headache, back pains, and extreme prostration. The virus is spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. Yellow fever is caused by a virus, which circulates between infected monkeys or humans and mosquitoes and occurs in parts of the tropical and subtrop read more. The world health organization announced that as of 11 july 2016, countries can no longer require travellers to show proof of. Yellow fever maps 1 this map is an updated version of the 2010 map crated by the informal who working group on the geographic risk of yellow fever. If your travel plans take you to, from, or through these areas, a yellow fever vaccination may be required. Centers for disease control and prevention, national center for emerging and zoonotic infectious diseases ncezid, division of vectorborne diseases dvbd. The aedes aegypti mosquito is the vector for the yellow fever virus. Areas with risk of yellow fever virus transmission in. Yellow fever distribution and areas of risk in brazil, as of. The countries that require proof of vaccination are those where the disease may or may not occur and where the.
The latest travel and health updates can be found on the who world health organisation website. Yellow fever is found mainly in certain areas of africa, central america, and south america. Yellow fever is also endemic in 10 south and central american countries and on several caribbean islands. People with a true contraindication to yellow fever vaccine see contraindications and precautions can still travel to countries with a risk of yellow fever virus transmission. The yellow fever virus is found in tropical and subtropical areas of africa and south america. Yellow fever risk areas can be viewed on a map here. This map has been modified from time to time based on new information. Yellow fever vaccine recommendation maps yellow fever zone. It occurs in countries of south america and africa. Contact a yellow fever vaccination centre for advice if you need a vaccination certificate for the country youre visiting but youre not sure if you can have the vaccine. Africa showing areas at risk for yellow fever transmision in angola, tanzania. Yellow fever the south african national travel health network.
Yellow fever vaccination is carried out to prevent the international spread of the disease by protecting countries from the risk of importing or spreading the yellow fever virus. Although yellow fever has nearly vanished from north and central america, there are still countries in the americas considered. Yellow fever is a viral infection that is spread by the bite of an infected aedes aegypti mosquito which mainly bites. To find out if yellow fever is a risk where youre travelling to or if the country youre visiting requires a. Regardless of these requirements, it is recommended that all crewmembers be vaccinated against yellow fever if traveling regularly to countries considered being at risk. Please see the yellow fever vaccine page for further information. Yellow fever distribution and areas of risk in brazil ecdc. Yellow fever countries welcome to the south african high. Individual country pages on fitfortravel will also indicate this requirement. Yellow fever is caused by the yellow fever virus, which is carried by mosquitoes. Countries at risk for yellow fever and having reported at least. Yellow fever cases in brazil, 16 january 2018 en png449. It is endemic in 33 countries in africa and 11 countries in south america. Yellow fever is a viral disease caused by the bite of a mosquito.
Geographic patterns and environmental factors associated with. They may provide you with an exemption letter, which may be accepted by officials in countries that usually require a vaccination certificate. Yellow fever is a viral disease, found in tropical regions of africa and the americas. The world health organization announced that as of 11 july 2016, countries can no longer require travellers to show proof of revaccination or a booster dose as a condition of entry. Countries requiring proof of vaccination upon arrival from all other countries as opposed to only upon arrival from endemic countries for all travellers more than one year old are marked below. Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. Resurgence of yellow fever, africa and latin america, 19801995 6 figure 1. The changing epidemiology of yellow fever and continued reports of rare but serious adverse events associated with yellow fever vaccine have drawn attention to the need to revisit criteria for the designation of areas with risk for yellow fever virus activity, and to revise the vaccine recommendations for international travel. Yellow fever distribution and areas of risk in brazil. Note that some countries require proof of yellow fever vaccination for entry see list below.
It is endemic to 44 countries in tropical areas of africa and the americas. It was the first illness shown to be transmissible by filtered human serum and transmitted by mosquitoes, by walter reed around 1900. Yellow fever is found only in parts of central and south america and subsaharan africa. Countries that need proof of yellow fever vaccination. This successful vaccine helped control and eliminate yellow fever from various countries in africa and south america during the mid20th century.
The yellow fever virus can be transmitted by mosquitoes which feed on infected animals in forests, then pass the infection when the same mosquitoes feed on humans travelling. The yellow fever belt of africa and south america includes a number of countries in these continents where there is a realistic chance of contracting yellow fever. Demand for yellow fever vaccine has continued to increase due to the growing number of countries implementing yellow fever vaccination as part of their routine. A person seeking to enter the republic of south africa may be required to produce an international health certificate containing details of vaccination. The vaccine is safe and almost 100 percent effective. Yellow fever vaccine recommendations in bolivia map 203. Illness ranges from a fever with aches and pains to severe liver disease with bleeding and yellowing skin jaundice.
Required if traveling from a country with risk of yf virus transmission and. Do i need a yellow fever vaccine to travel to aruba. Existing and new yellow fever vaccination certificates are now valid for life. Countries with risk of yellow fever transmission yellow fever. In mild cases only fever and headache may be present. Yellow fever yf is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes causing a spectrum of disease from mild to severe symptoms. There are currently 42 countries where yellow fever has been declared a risk. Yellow fever distribution and areas of risk in brazil, as of 28 november 2018.
The revised global yellow fever risk map and recommendations. See the travelers health website for any recent updates on risk areas. The yellow fever epidemic of 1793 struck during the summer in philadelphia, pennsylvania, where the highest fatalities in the united states were recorded. The map is based on sources from who and the ministry of health of brazil. A comprehensive list of countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and countries requiring yellow fever vaccination can be found on the cdc centers for disease control and prevention website. Some countries near to areas where yellow fever is found may require a proof of vaccination certificate when visiting, even if theres no risk of picking up the infection in these countries. Yellow fever vaccine passport health travel clinics. In the americas, yellow fever virus transmission is a latent threat due to the proximity between urban and wild environments. The disease probably was brought by refugees and mosquitoes on ships from saintdomingue. Although yellow fever has nearly vanished from north and central america, there are still countries in the americas considered endemic by the world health organization. Vaccination is recommended for persons over 9 months of age travelling to or living in endemic areas.
Immunization for yellow fever is a requirement if the journey starts or entails passing through the yellow fever belt of africa or central and south america. Occasionally countries have yellow fever vaccine recommendations but no map is available. Very rarely yellow fever vaccination is associated with serious adverse reactions. Yellow fever is caused by yellow fever virus, an enveloped rna virus 4050 nm in width, the type species and namesake of the family flaviviridae. Under the international health regulations 2005, an international. The following pages present countryspecific information on yellow fever yf vaccine. Areas with risk of yellow fever virus transmission in africa cdc. Although the disease usually causes only sporadic cases and small outbreaks, nearly all major urban centers in the american tropics have been re. Yellow fever is an acute viral disease endemic to tropical countries, like brazil, where, since the 1940s, has no significant documented outbreaks similar to that observed between 20162018 2 045. Countries with risk of yellow fever virus yfv transmission1. The embassy recommends that all travelers between the ages of 1 60 years receive the yellow fever vaccine at least 10 days before traveling to areas in colombia see map determined to be at high risk of yellow fever transmission. Yellow fever vaccine recommendation maps maps are available for a number of countries to illustrate where vaccine is recommended maps that illustrate the areas where yellow fever vaccination is recommended are available on this page and in the vaccine section of individual country information pages on our travelhealthpro website.